Hine, C., Zhu, Y., Hollenberg, A
Benefits Reduced stress-induced skin inflammation, calmer skin reactions, improved emotional stability, and enhanced overall skin health
The putative AFB1 epoxide is generally accepted as the active electrophilic form of AFB1 that may attack nucleophilic nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur heteroatoms in cellular constituents
It is also induced during endoplasmic reticulum stress, regulated by the ATF4-CHOP branch of the unfolded protein response, and elicits an apoptotic response 40
It is of additional interest that carnitine and choline share a striking similarity on a structural chemical level, both containing a trimethyl-ammonium moiety, and both compounds also make use of at least one shared uptake mechanism through the transporter Hmn1p (Aouida et al., 2013)
The analysis revealed that both the comproportionation and triad models were better suited to represent the experimental data than the reduced model, but were inconclusive with respect to overall model selection, given that both AIC/BIC values were extremely similar (Fig