[153] There is evidence that for elderly people, physicians often repeatedly prescribe and administer cyanocobalamin injections inappropriately, evidenced by the majority of subjects in one large study either having had normal serum concentrations or having not been tested before the injections
For each eligible study, two authors (MM and AN) independently extracted data, which was then reviewed by a third author (JV) using a piloted spreadsheet, in accordance with Cochrane Collaboration guidelines ( Where relevant data were missing, attempts were made to contact corresponding authors
A diagnostic colonoscopy is ordered
Rotate injection sites systematically
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Use a sterile, new needle with each injection