They also slow gastric emptying, meaning food stays in the stomach longer, which contributes to prolonged satiety
Broadly, studies suggest GLP-1RAs exert their neuroprotective effects in the retina by mediating reduced glutamate excitotoxicity, decreased neuroinflammation, prevention of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss, promotion of vascular integrity, promotion of an anti-oxidative environment, and maintenance of glial cells (i.e
M.CohenG
While injections are the most common method, BPC-157 may also be available in oral or topical forms, though injections are often preferred for their direct and potent effects
2 Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
The subcutaneous injection can be given in the abdomen, thigh, or upper arm (upper arm may require assistance), with patients advised to rotate injection sites to minimize local reactions