Plant foods contain effectively zero bioavailable B12, so endurance athletes on vegetarian or vegan diets are at elevated risk
Think of it as the labor code for the nurse or medical assistant who draws up the medication, prepares the injection site, administers the subcutaneous injection, and monitors the patient briefly afterward
If you are taking medications such as metformin, proton pump inhibitors, or H2 receptor antagonists, speak to your GP or pharmacist, as these can affect B12 absorption
A-dopamine has been shown to be safe and effective in two rodent models of PD 19 and in a chronic non-human primate model of PD 20
Because of anaphylaxis risk, intravenous B-12 administration is never recommended -intramuscular injection is the safe route
convenient and often used in support of the digestive system or as general support