Shaking introduces mechanical stress and creates air bubbles, both of which can damage the peptide structure
N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine functions as a precursor to glutathione, one of the most important antioxidant molecules produced in the body
Enhanced angiogenesis, cellular migration, and inflammation modulation could theoretically accelerate surgical site healing
Heat, moisture, oxygen exposure, light, and repeated warming can still reduce quality over time
Bock-Marquette and co-workers reported in Nature (2004) that Tb4 promotes cardiomyocyte survival post-myocardial-infarction in mice through PINCH/ILK/Akt signaling, and Smart and colleagues showed in 2007 that the same peptide mobilizes adult epicardial progenitor cells
Why: Degradation may not be visible