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Key Points The incretins glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are gut-derived hormones that potentiate insulin secretion and contribute to glucose metabolism through a wide range of physiological actions Inhibitors of the incretin-inactivating enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) and DPP-4-resistant injectable GLP-1 receptor agonists have been developed for the treatment of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) GLP-1 and other gut-derived hormones might directly and/or indirectly regulate electrolyte and fluid homeostasis by influencing feeding and drinking behaviour as well as electrolyte transport in the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors increase natriuresis in T2DM, possibly through overlapping and distinct mechanisms, and might slightly improve renal haemodynamics in the setting of diabetes-related glomerular hyperfiltration Incretin-based therapies seem to directly influence renal physiology and have indirect metabolic and haemodynamic actions that might reduce renal risk in T2DM

Donor evaluation is essential: temporary diffuse shedding can reduce apparent density, while diffuse unpatterned alopecia can make the donor area intrinsically unsafe

It helps neutralize harmful free radicals and supports the bodys natural detoxification processes

For most medications, this delay is clinically insignificant

Ask your provider about oral availability

Structure The GLP-1R protein has a signal peptide (amino acids 1-23) that is cleaved as the rest of the protein (amino acids 24-463) is targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum to form a seven transmembrane helix containing protein (see extracellular (E), cytoplasmic (C), and membrane proteins (M) marked in Figure 2a)