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2 ml per day

Cartilage and joint repair models: Intraarticular injection of AOD9604 in a collagenase induced rabbit osteoarthritis model showed improved cartilage architecture and regeneration

While the science behind each unique formula differs, each relies on an amino acid base, which your body breaks down and uses to stimulate optimal bodily functions

Functions as a for metabolic reaction required for synthesis of purines and pyrimidines: co-enzyme The reaction depends on methyl cobalamin as a co-factor and is also dependent on folate, in which the methyl group of methyltetrahydrofolate is transferred to homocysteine to form methionine and tetrahydrofolate

Pair your B12 injections with healthy eating and light exercise

not present in plants Daily requirement: ~ 23 g/day Body stores: 25 mg , mostly in the liver (sufficient for 25 years) Absorption Pathway : In the mouth/stomach: B12 is protein-bound in food Stomach acid and pepsin release B12 from food proteins B12 binds to haptocorrin (also called R-binder or transcobalamin I) secreted by salivary glands and gastric mucosa In the small intestine : In the duodenum , pancreatic proteases degrade haptocorrin Free B12 then binds to intrinsic factor (IF) , a glycoprotein secreted by gastric parietal cells The B12IF complex travels to the terminal ileum , where it binds to cubilin receptors and is absorbed via receptor-mediated endocytosis 1 In the enterocyte and bloodstream: Inside enterocytes, B12 dissociates from IF It binds to transcobalamin II (TCII) for systemic transport Only B12TCII complex (called holotranscobalamin ) is biologically active and taken up by tissues Storage and transport: B12 is stored in the liver (main site), but also in muscle Transcobalamin II transports active B12 to tissues