Inadequate secretion of intrinsic factor, resulting from lesions that destroy the gastric mucosa (which can be caused by ingestion of corrosives, extensive tumors, and conditions associated with gastric atrophy, such as multiple sclerosis, certain endocrine disorders, iron deficiency, and subtotal gastrectomy) Structural lesions leading to vitamin B 12 deficiency, including regional ileitis, ileal reactions, and malignancies Competition for vitamin B 12 by intestinal parasites or bacteria
Multiple respiratory chain abnormalities associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and 3-methylglutaconic aciduria
Electron acceptors are glutathionylated disulfide substrates (GSSR) 1,2,3,10,11,12 or non-glutathione disulfide substrates such as Escherichia coli ribonucleotide reductase (RSSR) 13,14,15 (Fig
The following treatments are available: Chemical peels : These exfoliating acids gently remove the outer layer of hyperpigmented skin, promoting a lighter and more even skin tone
and Vander Heiden, M.G
While glutathione has gained popularity for its potential to brighten skin and reduce the appearance of wrinkles, it can actually have detrimental effects when injected directly into the body
