Human musculoskeletal evidence is sparse and rarely includes verified product composition, standardized exposure assessment, or perioperative endpoints relevant to TJA
Many are just expensive placebos
Which medicines can affect vitamin B12
Protocol duration Nasal spray protocols typically follow similar durations to injectable protocols
The primary concern for the FDA was the lack of large-scale, randomized controlled trials, which are the gold standard for new drug approval
Possible side effects include: Mild pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site Headache or dizziness (usually transient) Nausea (uncommon) Hypokalaemia (low potassium) during initial treatment, particularly in severely deficient patientsthis is rare but may require monitoring [1] [5] When to seek medical advice: Serious adverse reactions are extremely rare